Statement of the Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan: –
4,540 words, 24 minutes read time.
One of the characteristics of imperialism globally is its extensive promotion of religious fundamentalism and its support for achieving political power. This is because the foreign policy of imperialism, especially American imperialism, does not aim to combat fundamentalism and terrorism but instead fosters their growth globally.
To analyze the current situation, it is helpful to look back and understand the nature of Pan-Islamist and theocratic forces and how they gained power in countries like Afghanistan (August 2021) and, more recently, the collapse of Bashar al-Assad’s government in Syria (December 2024). This also includes the increasing rise and strengthening of fundamentalism in countries such as Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, Israel, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Turkey, Oman, Bahrain, Yemen, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt (Middle Eastern countries), India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka (South Asian countries), as well as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Kashmir, Xinjiang (formerly East Turkestan) in western China, and southern Siberia in Russia (Central Asian countries). These developments illustrate the intensification of imperialist and reactionary conflicts and alignments in the current conditions.
Let us start with the French Revolution:
The French Revolution (1789–1799) is considered one of the most significant events in world history. It succeeded in suppressing the churches, abolishing Catholic monarchy, nationalizing church properties, and exiling approximately 30,000 priests. In October 1793, the Christian calendar was replaced with the revolutionary calendar, and festivals celebrating freedom, reason, and enlightenment replaced the Inquisition. Revolutionary government laws became strictly mandatory in April 1794. Anti-church laws were passed by the legislative assembly and its successor, the National Convention, as well as by departmental councils across the country.
The Concordat of France, signed in 1801 between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII, was an agreement designed to resolve conflicts between the French government and the Catholic Church following the French Revolution. This agreement lasted for over a century until it was abolished by the Third French Republic in favor of secular policies through the establishment of laïcité (secularism) on December 11, 1905.
The French Revolution and the Dynamics of Imperialism
The French Revolution was a historic event that silenced the churches but has not been replicated since 1905. After that point, during the era of imperialism, the monopoly bourgeoisie never sought to overthrow feudalism. Instead, efforts were made to reconcile the bourgeoisie and feudalism. This was because imperialism relied on feudalism as the backbone of its control in dominated nations, including colonial, semi-colonial, feudal, and semi-feudal countries. Imperialism saw the growth of religious fundamentalism as a tool to further its interests.
This reality was highlighted during the Cultural Revolution in China, where Mao Zedong explicitly stated that the bourgeoisie was no longer capable of revolution and that the responsibility for such revolutionary actions had shifted to the proletariat.
Recent developments in the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia reflect this assertion, with religious fundamentalism on the rise in these regions. Imperialist protégés, supported by unconditional aid, came to power in Afghanistan in August 2021 and in Syria in December 2024, with assistance from Zionism, Turkey’s reactionary government, and unreserved support from American imperialism.
The Syrian Civil War, which erupted in 2011 following the Arab Spring, ultimately led to the collapse of Bashar al-Assad’s government. However, Assad’s regime was not toppled by revolutionary forces or the masses, but by Islamic fundamentalists, led by Abu Muhammad al-Jolani, a former member of al-Qaeda in Iraq and a close associate of Zarqawi. Al-Jolani played a significant role in the early years of the Syrian conflict, founding Jabhat al-Nusra as an al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria. However, by 2016, he rebranded it as Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham and formally severed ties with al-Qaeda. From 2016 onward, the inter-imperialist contradictions between Russia and the United States heightened regional tensions and exacerbated the internal conflicts in Syria following the Arab Spring. Russia, owing to its military presence at the Hmeimim Air Base (Arabic: قاعدة حميميم الجوية) in southeast Latakia, sided with Assad. Meanwhile, the U.S., in collaboration with Israel and Turkey, supported Abu Muhammad al-Jolani and the “Syrian Taliban,” who ultimately rose to power with imperialist, Zionist, and regional reactionary backing. Similar to the Afghan Taliban (long-standing puppets of imperialism), this power grab in Syria reflects an imperialist game, revealing covert agreements between Western imperialists and Russian imperialism. Bashar al-Assad, in his final days, was fully aware of his inability to alter the situation and thus adopted a passive stance. It is now evident that Western imperialists and Russian imperialism have reached agreements regarding Ukraine and Syria, engaging in a transactional exchange. What the Western imperialists offered to Russia in Ukraine and what was left for it in Syria remains to be seen over time.
Marx, Lenin and Mao Zedong Perspectives on Imperialism: –
In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx argued that capitalist powers divide lands and colonies to control resources and markets, deepening class conflicts and international disputes.
Similarly, in his book Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, Lenin explained that imperialism is the result of capital concentration and monopoly dominance. He emphasized that imperialist powers seek access to resources, markets, and cheap labor by dividing lands in various forms among themselves. This redistribution often occurs through wars or colonial agreements, with the primary aim of securing the economic interests of monopolies and large capitalists. Lenin believed that this process increases national and class contradictions, laying the groundwork for anti-capitalist revolutions in colonial nations.
Mao Zedong also pointed out the adverse impacts of imperialism and land division by great powers. He asserted that imperialism exploits resources and cheap labor by partitioning the world among colonial powers, perpetuating inequality and conflict.
The Process of Imperialist Oppression and the Division of Lands
Mao Zedong emphasized that resistance against imperialism and the unity of oppressed nations are key to liberating themselves from this domination. He considered the division of lands as part of the fundamental contradictions among imperialists, which ultimately lead to anti-colonial revolutions.
If we examine the course of historical materialism after the French Revolution, including the unwavering support of imperialism for Pan-Islamism and theocratic movements, we arrive at the same conclusion: “Imperialism engages in the redistribution of lands and colonies.”
The “Greater Middle East” Plan
Shimon Peres (President of Israel, 2007–2014) introduced a proposal for the division of Middle Eastern countries in 1993. Later, in 2006, retired American General Ralph Peters presented this plan, under the title “The New or Greater Middle East,” to the White House. This proposal caused global uproar and was subsequently classified among the United States’ confidential documents.
Peters’ plan called for significant changes to the regional map, covering areas from Pakistan to Turkey and from Azerbaijan to Yemen. He proposed the creation of a new map featuring six newly formed countries in the region’s political landscape:
- Balochistan: Incorporating Baloch-majority regions of Pakistan and Iran, this area was envisioned as an independent state called “Free Balochistan.”
- Kurdistan: A state including Kurdish-majority regions of Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria.
- The Shiite Arab State: Encompassing Shiite-majority areas in Iraq, parts of Kuwait, southern Gulf coastal regions up to Qatar, Bahrain, sections of Saudi Arabia’s coastline, and parts of the UAE.
- The Sunni Arab State: Centered in Sunni-majority areas of western Iraq.
- Baghdad as an Independent City-State: Similar to Luxembourg, Baghdad was envisioned as an independent city-state, situated between the Sunni Arab state in Iraq and the Shiite Arab state.
- The Holy Islamic State: Located in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, this would include the religious cities of Mecca and Medina, functioning as an “Islamic Vatican.”
Analyzing the Implementation of the “Greater Middle East” Plan
Upon examining the dimensions of the issue, it becomes evident that the proposal by retired American General Ralph Peters is in progress, with this scenario continuing to unfold. For instance, after the establishment of Haider al-Abadi’s government on November 9, 2014 (18th of Aqrab 1393), there has been an increase in intermittent clashes between Sunni, Shia, and Kurdish groups in Iraq, alongside discussions regarding the division of Iraq into three autonomous regions. At the same time, imperialism and its regional allies have intensified theological and religious fundamentalism, further fueling sectarian conflicts.
Border Changes in the “Greater Middle East” Plan
The plan also outlines significant changes to the borders of existing nations:
- Pashtun Areas: All Pashtun-majority regions of Pakistan, including the “North-West Frontier Province” (NWFP) and the Pashtun-majority areas of northern Balochistan, along with Gilgit and Baltistan (two parts of the five former regions of Kashmir), are annexed to Afghanistan.
- Western Provinces of Afghanistan: Herat, Farah, and Badghis provinces are separated from Afghanistan and incorporated into Iran’s territory.
- Iranian Azerbaijan: This region is detached from Iran and joined with the current Republic of Azerbaijan.
- Syria: The northwestern coastal regions of Syria, which border the Mediterranean, are detached from Syria and considered part of Lebanon. As a result, Syria is reduced to a landlocked country.
- Saudi Arabia and Jordan: All northwestern coastal areas of Saudi Arabia bordering the Red Sea are handed over to Jordan. Jordan is then made adjacent to the “Islamic Vatican,” a proposed holy Islamic state in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, encompassing the two sacred cities of Mecca and Medina.
- Yemen: Portions of southern Saudi Arabia are annexed to Yemen, expanding Yemen’s territory northward.
- Israel and Oman: Throughout the region, only two nations—Israel and the Sultanate of Oman at the far end of the southern Persian Gulf—retain unchanged borders.
- West Bank and Gaza: The coastal region west of the Jordan River is marked as an undefined area, while Gaza is entirely erased from the map.
- Kashmir: The region of Kashmir, currently divided between Pakistan and India, is subdivided further into three areas, under the control of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
Thus, the four main points of the current strategy of American imperialists in the region are as follows:
- Military invasions and direct occupation of countries, as implemented in Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003). In August 2021, following the Doha Agreement (Qatar), the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, with the support of imperialist occupiers (American imperialists), came to power again. Iran is next on the list, and other countries may also be added to this list.
- Overthrowing current ruling regimes, such as Bashar al-Assad in Syria (December 2024), and bringing puppet and fake regimes into power in occupied countries, applying this project to other regional countries.
- Creating desired changes in the border divisions between existing countries and interfering with the right of nations to determine their own fate.
- Creating new countries in the region by controlling nationalist movements among oppressed nationalities who are fighting against the chauvinism of ruling nationalities. Additionally, this is done by further fueling ethnic conflicts and recruiting these movements.
Thus, it is clear that the plundering, occupying, and imperialist wars supported by imperialists, Zionists, and their regional allies are directed towards securing their interests.
The claim of the UAE, as a Western imperialist ally, over the three islands of Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb in the Persian Gulf, the large-scale aerial and ground attacks by the Israeli occupiers (Israel) on Lebanon and Gaza, the Ukraine-Russia war, tensions over Kashmir between Pakistan and India, the Taiwan issue between China and Taiwan, the presence of over 10,000 North Korean soldiers supporting Russia in the Ukraine war, the collapse of Assad’s government in Syria, the rise of Pan-Islamic movements, the bombing of Kurdish regions in Syria by the Turkish government to prevent the growth of the “Syrian Democratic Forces,” the growing Pan-Islamism in the region, the intensified political disputes between Iran and Israel, the political and diplomatic tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan, the maneuvers by the northern countries of Afghanistan (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan) to prevent the growth of ISIS in those countries, the presence of over 25 Pan-Islamic movements in Afghanistan, the presence of Chinese forces and soldiers at the shared border between Afghanistan and China (difficult terrain), the diplomatic tensions between North and South Korea, and in short, the acute political, diplomatic, and military tensions in the region—all point to the implementation of targeted, plundering, and imperialist strategies by the imperialists in the region and the world, leading to the disintegration of countries, destruction, massacres, displacement, and the plundering of oppressed masses based on “the redistribution of lands and colonies.”
In this context, the lack of awareness among oppressed masses and the extreme weakness of revolutionary communist movements (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist) worldwide leads to the situation where the masses, in complete ignorance, celebrate their own destruction with the disgusting and bloodthirsty slogans of the fundamentalists, unaware of the fate awaiting them.
The humiliating escape of dictators like Bashar al-Assad can be a cause for celebration, just as the escape of the Shah of Iran during the time of Khomeini was a source of joy for the people. However, over 47 years of the oppressive, religiously fanatic rule in Iran has devastated the lives of the oppressed masses and the people of Iran. Similarly, in present-day Afghanistan, with the return of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan backed by imperialist occupiers, the country remains a colony—semi-feudal and under the bloody grip of a completely misogynistic, reactionary, and medieval government. In other words, the severe theocratic rule over the past three years, with the full support of imperialist occupiers, has created a completely suffocating atmosphere for the oppressed people of Afghanistan, particularly for the women of the country. During these three years, the Taliban has committed the most brutal acts of oppression, draining the life from workers and other oppressed classes, particularly the women.
Intensification of Imperialist-Reactionary Contradictions and Alignments in the Current Conditions
History has shown that from the late 1960s to the early 1990s, there was intense competition between the social-imperialist bloc and the imperialist bloc (the Warsaw Pact and NATO). This competition became known as the Cold War between the two blocs.
The Cold War involved a military confrontation between imperialist and social-imperialist powers in Europe, alongside active warfare in Asia, Africa, and Latin America against the oppressed peoples and nations. Simultaneously, there was a competition in these regions between these powers.
The rise of the “People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan” on 7th of Thor 1357 (April 27, 1978) through a Russian-led coup and the ascension of Khomeini in February 1979 in Iran were the results of this competition and the division of regions between the United States and Russia.
After the collapse of the social-imperialist empire, Russia was not in a position to engage in intense competition with Western imperialist powers during the last two decades of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century.
In 2008 and 2009 (1387 and 1388 in the Afghan calendar), the United States and European countries were engulfed by a deep economic crisis, which lasted for several years, and the crisis has not yet been fully resolved.
In such conditions, Russian imperialism found an opportunity to undergo its own imperialist economic reconstruction and show that it could still compete with American imperialism. Russia’s support for Bashar al-Assad in Syria, its annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, and ultimately the military invasion of Ukraine clearly demonstrate this new competition and alignment between imperialist powers.
For years, the trade balance between the U.S. and China has been disrupted, shifting in favor of China. It is possible that in the near future, social-imperialist China could become the second-largest imperialist power in the world.
China’s military activities in the South China Sea, its alignment with Russian imperialism, joint military production projects with Pakistan, and the arming and financing of Pakistan’s military under the pretext of fighting the Pakistani Taliban indicate that social-imperialism in China seeks to position itself as a serious rival to American imperialism.
Thus, the contradiction between American imperialism and its allies on one side and Russian imperialism and its allies on the other has intensified as one of the major global contradictions. This is a significant shift from the past few decades. This intensification of contradictions undermines the myth of a unipolar world under the leadership of American imperialism. The current global trend, moving from a developing power in subjugated countries to a dominant imperialist power, and the intensification of contradictions between various imperialist powers, will undoubtedly lead to dangerous and enormous dimensions in the future.
Currently, there are four major points of tension in the world:
- Eastern of Ukraine and Crimea in Eastern Europe, where Crimea became part of Russian imperialism in 2014, and four regions—Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson—became part of Russia in 2022.
- Iraq and Syria in the Middle East, where Syria faced the flight of Bashar al-Assad in December 2024, and Iraq is undergoing changes.
- Afghanistan in the middle of Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East, where the return of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan has led to changes and developments in favor of American imperialists.
- South Korea and North Korea in the Far East.
In Eastern Europe, Russian imperialists, facing the “greediness” and expansive movements of American imperialists and their European NATO allies moving toward Russia’s western borders, have resorted to war, which continues to this day. As a result of these expansions, not a single Eastern European country remains alongside Russia; all have become U.S. allies in NATO. In contrast, Russian imperialists, striving to annex Russian-speaking parts of Ukraine, have turned to war, formally annexing Crimea and effectively separating the Russian-speaking eastern part of Ukraine, incorporating them into Russia.
The reciprocal reaction of American imperialists and their European allies in NATO was to deploy the U.S. missile defense system in the Czech Republic and Poland, along with American, British, and German NATO military units in various other parts of Eastern European countries. In turn, the reciprocal action by Russian imperialists was to deploy a significant portion of their missile systems, including nuclear missile systems, near Russia’s western borders, justifying their positioning toward U.S. missile defense systems in Poland, the Czech Republic, and other military targets in Eastern, Central, and Western Europe. This military standoff continues, taking the form of a chronic diplomatic-political-military tension.
In the Middle East, imperialist-reactionary wars are being waged by American imperialists and their European allies, alongside reactionary Arab powers, against the oppressed peoples of the Middle East, especially in Iraq and Syria. These wars are carried out under the guise of fighting terrorism and extremism (al-Qaeda, ISIS), often blending imperialist and reactionary tactics. The issue of the Kurds in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran has been a long-standing, fluctuating conflict for decades.
Saudi Arabia’s attacks on Yemen in 2015 were aimed at preserving the power of the Saudi monarchs and princes over the people of Yemen, under the pretext of countering the expansionist policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the “Arab World.” This situation, with historical roots, has contributed to the current imperialist-reactionary war in Iraq and Syria, particularly in the sensitive Middle East region. The regional tensions remain and continue to impact the situation.
Saudi Arabia’s military intervention in Yemen, known as Operation Decisive Storm, began on March 26, 2015, led by a coalition of Arab countries with the goal of restoring the government of Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, the president of Yemen, to power, and confronting the Ansar Allah (Houthi) group.
All these political and military complexities in the region have caused the Palestinian issue to be sidelined, ultimately benefiting Zionism and its imperialist supporters, specifically American imperialism.
All these wars have taken the form of a chronic political-military tension, swallowing up all the resources and capabilities of the region like a many-headed dragon.
Independence Movements of Iraqi Kurdistan from northeastern Syria have also been added to this situation. After the fall of Bashar al-Assad’s government, the Kurds of the Rojava region (Rojava refers to the western part of Kurdish Syria) Have controlling a quarter of Syria are being ruthlessly bombarded by regional reactionaries (the Turkish government). This is because Turkey fears that Kurdistan region, which borders Syria to the south, may have secessionist ambitions similar to those of Kurdistan in Iraq. Consequently, Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) are targeted. These forces, established in 2015, were a coalition of four groups: People’s Defense Units (PYG), Women’s Defense Units (YPJ), Arab groups (Sannadid), and Christian minorities such as Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens, and Chechens, led by “Farhad Abdi Shaheen”, known as “Mazlom Kobani”. They clashed both with Assad’s government and ISIS forces in Syria.
Next to that, Israel, after the collapse of Assad’s government, attacked over 300 Syrian targets. The excuse for these attacks was to prevent weapons from reaching extremist groups. However, Israel’s actions are officially supported by the U.S. This support has caused further tensions among Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, and these tensions continue to affect the entire Middle East region. Furthermore, the independence movement of Iraqi Kurdistan is seen as the first step in the realization of the “Greater Middle East” plan. Following this, we should witness further fragmentation in all the countries of the Middle East, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
In the South Asian region, we can similarly witness India’s alliance with the US and its distancing from Russia on the one hand, and Pakistan’s distancing from the US and its further alliance with China, Russia and Iran in relation to Afghanistan on the other. With the re-establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in August 2021 by the American imperialists, it seems that American imperialism is unable to compete economically with China’s social-imperialist economic plan, a plan that connects China to Europe through Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asian countries, Iran and Turkey under the name of the “Silk Road”. Therefore, American imperialism is trying to prevent it or bring it under control mostly through its military actions.
The India-U.S. alliance in South Asia could potentially impact armed struggles, such as the ongoing People’s War led by the Communist Party of India (Maoist) in several Indian states and armed struggles in Kashmir, which may also be framed within this alliance and India’s expansionist vision. It is even possible that the formation of the Revolutionary Communist Party of Nepal (May 2024) and the People’s War in Nepal, with its political-military consequences, could also fall within this framework of alliance and expansionist outlook.
Thus, it is clear that the return of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, with the unwavering support of Western imperialism, and the India-U.S. alliance over regional interests, Sooner or later, it will also affect the national, popular and revolutionary resistance of Afghanistan, even though it is currently in an atmosphere of political strangulation and has a weak political form, even though it is currently in a politically repressive state, and has a weak political structure.
The Korea crisis is a long-standing, chronic issue that has lasted for more than six decades. Throughout these years, Korea has officially remained in a state of war, and the conflict continues. The intensification of the crisis has been exacerbated by North Korea’s acquisition of nuclear weapons, as well as severe reactions from the U.S. and its Japanese allies, alongside South Korea’s responses. Despite the military threats from the U.S. and its allies, and the implementation of broad economic sanctions against North Korea, as well as political pressure, North Korea has resisted and has not yielded to these imperialist threats. As a result, approximately 10,000 soldiers were sent to assist Russia in the Ukraine war, which has raised serious international concerns.
This could intensify geopolitical tensions in various regions, including the Korean Peninsula and Europe. The United Nations, the United States, and NATO have condemned this action, considering it a threat to global security.
On the other hand, in the Far East, alongside the intensification of the Korean crisis, China’s social-imperialist expansionism in the South China Sea has further contributed to the situation. These expansionist actions have not only been opposed by countries in the region, such as the Philippines and Vietnam, but have also exacerbated tensions between China’s social-imperialists and American and Japanese imperialists. Specifically, since the occupation of the Johnson South Reef in the Spratly Islands by China in 2013, which led to the construction of military bases and advanced infrastructure in the area, tensions have escalated with regional countries and the United States. As a result, India has joined the imperialist military alignment of the United States, Japan, and Australia in the Asia-Pacific region, extending this military-imperialist-reactionary bloc against China’s social-imperialism to the Indian Ocean and South Asia.
The Urgent Tasks Before Us in the Present Circumstances
The current regional and global situation, along with the intensification of imperialist-reactionary alignments, does not aim to end the plundering and imperialist wars in the region and the world, but rather to “kill more…”—meaning the intensification of war.
The current situation in Afghanistan also shows that our country is still a colonial-semi-feudal country in the grip of the predatory policies of American imperialism, and the growing strengthening and growth of theocratic, religious fundamentalism with the return of the Islamic Emirate can and should end in favor of Western imperialism.
The ongoing global and regional trends indicate the strengthening and further expansion of imperialist-reactionary political-military alignments in South Asia, the Asia-Pacific region, and around the world. The declared global “civilization” war by the West against the “barbarism” of the imperialist-occupied countries— a recurring slogan of Western colonialism against the peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America—does not signal peace for the world, the region, or Afghanistan. Instead, it signals the intensification of imperialist war.
Currently, this war is not only against the oppressed peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America in their own countries, but also against the working-class refugees from the three continents in imperialist countries. The re-election of Trump’s new fascism to the White House in January 2025 (a few days away) in the United States will be the fruit of this declaration of imperialist war, which has been part of his campaign during the U.S. presidential election.
The escalating contradictions at both the regional and global levels show that preparation for such a war is necessary. As Mao Zedong said, “War is destroyed by war.,” because social and political revolutions must occur through long-lasting people’s wars and armed struggles. Therefore, we must advance with all our strength and power toward preparing for and establishing The War of National Popular and Revolutionary Resistance, with clear, principled, and decisive action in the future, to ensure its success.
The urgent tasks facing us are: –
- Struggling to strengthen and expand the party in order to respond principally and promptly to the needs of the ongoing struggles.
- Unifying all Marxist-Leninist-Maoist personalities and forces in Afghanistan under a single Communist Maoist Party of the country.
- Initiating practical collaborative efforts with all new national-democratic personalities and forces in the struggle and resistance against the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and its international supporters.
- Developing and expanding mass work, mass organization, and mobilization among the masses in the struggle, focusing on mass work, organization, and mobilization among workers and peasants, both men and women.
Death to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and its international supporters!
Forward on the path to preparing, establishing, and advancing to the War of National Popular and Revolutionary Resistance
Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan
December 14, 2024
